Kernel-specific Gnu C Compiler For Mac

. Written in; and since June 1, 2010; 8 years ago ( 2010-06-01) with GCC Runtime Library Exception Website The GNU Compiler Collection ( GCC) is a system produced by the supporting various. GCC is a key component of the and the standard compiler for most Unix-like operating systems. The (FSF) distributes GCC under the (GNU GPL). GCC has played an important role in the growth of, as both a tool and an example. When it was first released in 1987, GCC 1.0 was named the GNU C Compiler since it only handled the. It was extended to compile in December of that year.

Were later developed for, and, among others. Version 4.5 of the specification is now supported in the C and C compilers and a 'much improved' implementation of the 2.0a specification is also supported. By default, the current version supports gnu14, a superset of, and gnu11, a superset of, with strict standard support also available.

It also provides experimental support for and later. GCC has been to a wide variety of, and is widely deployed as a tool in the development of both free.

GCC is also available for mostincluding -based;, and -based chips. The compiler can target a wide variety of platforms. As well as being the official compiler of the, GCC has been adopted as the standard compiler by many other modern computer, including and the family, although and have moved to the system.

Versions are also available for and other operating systems; GCC can compile code for. Contents. History In an effort to bootstrap the operating system, asked, the author of the (also known as the Compiler Kit) for permission to use that software for GNU. When Tanenbaum advised him that the compiler was not free, and that only the Free University kit was free, Stallman decided to write a new compiler. Stallman's initial plan was to rewrite an existing compiler from from to C with some help from and others. Stallman wrote a new C front end for the Livermore compiler, but then realized that it required megabytes of stack space, an impossibility on a 68000 Unix system with only 64 KB, and concluded he would have to write a new compiler from scratch.

None of the Pastel compiler code ended up in GCC, though Stallman did use the C front end he had written. GCC was first released March 22, 1987, available by from. Stallman was listed as the author but cited others for their contributions, including Jack Davidson and Christopher Fraser for the idea of using as an intermediate language, Paul Rubin for writing most of the preprocessor and Leonard Tower for 'parts of the parser, RTL generator, RTL definitions, and of the Vax machine description.' Described as the 'first free software hit' by, the GNU compiler arrived just at the time when was unbundling its development tools from, selling them separately at a higher combined price than the previous bundle, which led many of Sun's users to buy or download GCC instead of the vendor's tools.

By 1990, GCC supported thirteen computer architectures, was outperforming several vendor compilers, was shipped by and with their workstations and was used. As GCC was licensed under the GPL, programmers wanting to work in other directions—particularly those writing interfaces for languages other than C—were free to develop their own of the compiler, provided they meet the GPL's terms, including its requirements to distribute.

Multiple forks proved inefficient and unwieldy, however, and the difficulty in getting work accepted by the official GCC project was greatly frustrating for many. The FSF kept such close control on what was added to the official version of GCC 2.x that GCC was used as one example of the 'cathedral' development model in 's essay. In 1997, a group of developers formed Experimental/Enhanced GNU Compiler System (EGCS) to merge several experimental forks into a single project.

The basis of the merger was a GCC development snapshot taken between the 2.7 and 2.81 releases. Projects merged included g77 (Fortran), PGCC ( -optimized GCC), many C improvements, and many new architectures and variants.

EGCS development proved considerably more vigorous than GCC development, so much so that the FSF officially halted development on their GCC 2.x compiler, blessed EGCS as the official version of GCC and appointed the EGCS project as the GCC maintainers in April 1999. With the release of GCC 2.95 in July 1999 the two projects were once again united.

GCC has since been maintained by a varied group of programmers from around the world under the direction of a steering committee. It has been ported to more kinds of and operating systems than any other compiler. GCC has been to a wide variety of, and is widely deployed as a tool in the development of both free. GCC is also available for mostincluding (called gcce), -based;, and -based chips. The compiler can target a wide variety of platforms, including such as the, Cell SPE of PlayStation 3. To obtain a stable, like e.g. The aims to procure, the compiler version is important.

GCC's external interface follows conventions. Users invoke a language-specific driver program ( gcc for C, g for C, etc.), which interprets, calls the actual compiler, runs the on the output, and then optionally runs the to produce a complete binary. Each of the language compilers is a separate program that reads source code and outputs.

All have a common internal structure. A per-language front end the source code in that language and produces an ('tree' for short). These are, if necessary, converted to the middle end's input representation, called GENERIC form; the middle end then gradually transforms the program towards its final form. And techniques (such as FORTIFYSOURCE, a compiler directive that attempts to discover some ) are applied to the code.

These work on multiple representations, mostly the architecture-independent GIMPLE representation and the architecture-dependent representation. Finally, is produced using architecture-specific originally based on an algorithm of Jack Davidson and Chris Fraser. GCC was written primarily in except for parts of the front end. The distribution includes the standard libraries for Ada, and whose code is mostly written in those languages.

On some platforms, the distribution also includes a low-level runtime library, libgcc, written in a combination of machine-independent C and processor-specific, designed primarily to handle arithmetic operations that the target processor cannot perform directly. In May 2010, the GCC steering committee decided to allow use of a compiler to compile GCC. The compiler was intended to be written in C plus a subset of features from C. In particular, this was decided so that GCC's developers could use the and features of C.

In August 2012, the GCC steering committee announced that GCC now uses C as its implementation language. This means that to build GCC from sources, a C compiler is required that understands standard. Front ends Each uses a parser to produce the of a given.

Due to the syntax tree abstraction, source files of any of the different supported languages can be processed by the same. GCC started out using generated with, but gradually switched to hand-written; for C in 2004, and for C and Objective-C in 2006. Currently all front ends use hand-written recursive-descent parsers. Until recentlythe tree representation of the program was not fully independent of the processor being targeted. The meaning of a tree was somewhat different for different language front ends, and front ends could provide their own tree codes. This was simplified with the introduction of GENERIC and GIMPLE, two new forms of language-independent trees that were introduced with the advent of GCC 4.0.

GENERIC is more complex, based on the GCC 3.x Java front end's intermediate representation. GIMPLE is a simplified GENERIC, in which various constructs are to multiple GIMPLE instructions. The, and front ends produce GENERIC directly in the front end. Other front ends instead have different intermediate representations after parsing and convert these to GENERIC. In either case, the so-called 'gimplifier' then converts this more complex form into the simpler -based GIMPLE form that is the common language for a large number of powerful language- and architecture-independent global (function scope) optimizations. GENERIC and GIMPLE GENERIC is an language used as a 'middle end' while compiling source code into.

A subset, called GIMPLE, is targeted by all the front ends of GCC. The middle stage of GCC does all of the code analysis and, working independently of both the compiled language and the target architecture, starting from the GENERIC representation and expanding it to (RTL). The GENERIC representation contains only the subset of the imperative constructs optimized by the middle end. In transforming the source code to GIMPLE, complex are split into a using. This representation was inspired by the SIMPLE representation proposed in the McCAT compiler by Laurie J.

Hendren for simplifying the analysis and of. Optimization Optimization can occur during any phase of compilation; however, the bulk of optimizations are performed after the syntax and of the front end and before the of the back end; thus a common, even though somewhat contradictory, name for this part of the compiler is the 'middle end.'

The exact set of GCC optimizations varies from release to release as it develops, but includes the standard algorithms, such as, and so forth. The optimizations are of less importance with the addition of global SSA-based optimizations on trees, as RTL optimizations have a much more limited scope, and have less high-level information. Some of these optimizations performed at this level include,. Array dependence based optimizations such as and are also performed.

Is also possible. Back end The GCC's back end is partly specified by and functions specific to a target architecture, for instance to define its,. The front part of the back end uses these to help decide RTL generation, so although GCC's RTL is nominally processor-independent, the initial sequence of abstract instructions is already adapted to the target. At any moment, the actual RTL instructions forming the program representation have to comply with the of the target architecture. The machine description file contains RTL patterns, along with operand constraints, and code snippets to output the final assembly.

The constraints indicate that a particular RTL pattern might only apply (for example) to certain hardware registers, or (for example) allow immediate operand offsets of only a limited size ( e.g. 12, 16, 24, bit offsets, etc.). During RTL generation, the constraints for the given target architecture are checked. In order to issue a given snippet of RTL, it must match one (or more) of the RTL patterns in the machine description file, and satisfy the constraints for that pattern; otherwise, it would be impossible to convert the final RTL into machine code.

Towards the end of compilation, valid RTL is reduced to a strict form in which each instruction refers to real machine registers and a pattern from the target's machine description file. Forming strict RTL is a complicated task; an important step is, where real hardware registers are chosen to replace the initially assigned pseudo-registers. This is followed by a 'reloading' phase; any pseudo-registers that were not assigned a real hardware register are 'spilled' to the stack, and RTL to perform this spilling is generated. Likewise, offsets that are too large to fit into an actual instruction must be broken up and replaced by RTL sequences that will obey the offset constraints. In the final phase, the machine code is built by calling a small snippet of code, associated with each pattern, to generate the real instructions from the target's, using the final registers, offsets, and addresses chosen during the reload phase. The assembly-generation snippet may be just a string, in which case a simple string substitution of the registers, offsets, and/or addresses into the string is performed.

The assembly-generation snippet may also be a short block of C code, performing some additional work, but ultimately returning a string containing the valid assembly code. Features Some features of GCC include:.

optimizes across object file boundaries to directly improve the linked binary. Link-time optimization relies on an intermediate file containing the serialization of some Gimple representation included in the object file. The file is generated alongside the object file during source compilation. Each source compilation generates a separate object file and link-time helper file. When the object files are linked, the compiler is executed again and uses the helper files to optimize code across the separately compiled object files. can extend the GCC compiler directly. Plugins allow a stock compiler to be tailored to specific needs by external code loaded as plugins.

For example, plugins can add, replace, or even remove middle-end passes operating on Gimple representations. Several GCC plugins have already been published, notably the GCC Python plugin, which links against libpython, and allows one to invoke arbitrary Python scripts from inside the compiler. The aim is to allow GCC plugins to be written in Python. The MELT plugin provides a high-level -like language to extend GCC. 'C when compiling with -fgnu-tm.' Languages The standard compiler releases since 7 include front ends for ( gcc), ( g), ( ), , and ( gccgo). A popular parallel language extension, is also supported.

Version 5.0 added support for, and since version 5.1, there is preliminary support for. Versions prior to GCC 7 also supported ( ), allowing compilation of Java to native machine code. The Fortran front end was g77 before version 4.0, which only supports.

In newer versions, g77 is dropped in favor of the new front end (retaining most of g77's language extensions) that supports and large parts of and as well. A front-end for was dropped due to a lack of maintenance. Third-party front ends exist for ( ), ( gdc), and ( ghdl). A few experimental branches exist to support additional languages, such as the GCC compiler for. Architectures GCC target processor families as of version 4.3 include. and. and.

(HP48XGCC). ( variant). The Java compiler can target either a native machine language architecture or the 's. When GCC to a new platform, is often used. Development The current stable version of GCC is 8.2, which was released on July 26, 2018.

As of version 4.8, GCC is implemented in C. GCC 4.6 supports many new features, such as declared and synthesized properties, dot syntax, fast enumeration, optional protocol methods, method/protocol/class attributes, class extensions and a new GNU Objective-C runtime API. It also supports the and includes the libquadmath library, which provides mathematical functions on targets supporting the float128 datatype. The library is used to provide the REAL(16) type in GNU on such targets.

GCC uses many standard tools in its build, including, and other common tools. In addition it currently requires three additional libraries to be present in order to build:,. The trunk concentrates the major part of the development efforts, where new features are implemented and tested. Retrieved 2006-12-27.

June 1, 2010. Retrieved 2013-02-28. Retrieved 2014-06-23. Retrieved 2008-08-07. von Hagen, William (2006). Definitive Guides (2nd ed.).

So he wrote to VUCK's author asking if GNU could use it. Evidently, VUCK's developer was uncooperative, responding that the university was free but that the compiler was not. ^ Stallman, Richard (September 20, 2011). The GNU Project.

Retrieved October 9, 2011. Puzo, Jerome E., ed. (February 1986). GNU'S Bulletin. Free Software Foundation. Retrieved 2007-08-11. Stallman (forwarded by Leonard H.

Tower, Jr.) (March 22, 1987).:. Retrieved October 9, 2011. Stallman, Richard M. (June 22, 2001) First published 1988, Using and Porting the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), Free Software Foundation, Inc., p. 7, retrieved June 18, 2015. SUN and gcc'.

(6 August 1990). ^ Henkel-Wallace, David (August 15, 1997), retrieved May 25, 2012. Retrieved 2010-04-27. The GCC has been ported to (i.e., modified to run on) more than 60 platforms, which is more than for any other compiler. Retrieved 2007-11-08.

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Archived from on May 9, 2007. Retrieved April 22, 2010. Retrieved 2014-04-10. Further reading., Free Software Foundation, 2008., Free Software Foundation, 2008., Network Theory Ltd., 2004 (Revised August 2005). Arthur Griffith, GCC: The Complete Reference. McGrawHill / Osborne, 2002.

External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to. Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Official. Other. at I.I.T. Bombay. Kerner, Sean Michael (March 2, 2006).

Internetnews.com. Kerner, Sean Michael (April 22, 2005). Internetnews.com., by Diego Novillo, December 2004., an essay covering GCC development for the 1990s, with 30 monthly reports for in the 'Inside Cygnus Engineering' section near the end., an essay by Rick Moen recording seven well-known forks, including the GCC/EGCS one.

This list is; you can help. Compiler Author Windows Unix-like Other OSs License type RHA (Minisystems) Ltd No No, Free for personal use Persistent Yes No only No No ALGOL 68 compilers cf. This list is; you can help. Compiler Author License type Standard conformance (bcc.) Yes (bcc32) (bccosx) No Yes Yes No No (bcc.) Yes (bcc32c,bcc64) ⟨⟩ (bccios.), ⟨⟩ (bcca.) No Yes Yes No No (tcc) No No Yes No No No Yes Yes, etc. Yes No No No (clang) Yes Yes Yes, (optional) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No Cray C/C (CC) No Yes No No Yes Yes No Digital Mars C/C (dmc) Yes No No Some No No EDG C Front End (eccp, edgcpfe) Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Partial EKOPath(pathCC) and others No Yes Yes Mixed (, & ) No Yes Partial No (g), Yes Yes, Yes Yes Yes (aCC) No No No Partial No No IAR C/C Compilers (icc.) Yes No ⟨Yes⟩ IAR Embedded Workbench Yes Yes Partial (icc) Yes,; ⟨ ⟩ No , Yes Yes Partial KAI C (KCC) Kuck & Associates, Inc.

⟨subsumed by ⟩ No, , No No No No No Microtec C/C (mcc) ⟨⟩ Yes Yes Yes EDGE Developer Suite No No No EDGE C/C ⟨⟩ Yes Yes Yes EDGE Developer Suite No No No (openCC), and others No Yes No No No No No PGC (pgc) ⟨⟩ Unsupported, No, Yes Yes Partial No No Yes Yes??? RealView Compilation Tools (armcc) ⟨⟩ Yes Yes ⟨Yes⟩ RealView Development Suite No No No Arm Compiler (armcc) ⟨⟩ Yes Yes ⟨Yes⟩ μVision, DS-5 Yes No No Arm Compiler (armclang) ⟨⟩ Yes Yes ⟨Yes⟩ μVision, DS-5 Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes??? SCORE C (tpp) Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Oracle C Compiler (CC) No, No , Yes Yes No (tcc) No Yes No No No No No VectorC Yes No ⟨⟩, ⟨⟩, etc., Some No No (cl) Yes,; ⟨⟩, ⟨⟩ No Yes Yes Partial (vac) Yes, No No No (xlc) No ( & ), Partial No No (dcc) ⟨⟩ Yes, ⟨⟩ No No No Notes.

This list is; you can help. Compiler Author Windows Unix-like Other OSs License type? Yes, Yes Yes No Yes (formerly OpenCOBOL), Yes Yes Yes GPL, (alpha) Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Common Lisp compilers Compiler Author Target Windows Unix-like Other OSs License type? Native code Yes Yes Yes Yes Peter Graves Yes Yes Yes Yes Bytecode Yes Yes Yes No Clozure Associates Native code Yes Yes No Yes Native code, Bytecode No Yes No Yes Corman Technologies Native code Yes No No Yes Juanjo Garcia-Ripoll Bytecode, C Yes Yes Yes Yes C Yes Yes No No LispWorks Ltd Native code Yes Yes No Yes Wukix Native code No Yes Yes No Frode V. Fjeld Native code, own OS No No Yes No Ivory emulator, own OS No No Yes Yes Scieneer Pty Ltd Native code No Yes No No sbcl.org Native code Yes Yes Yes Yes D compilers Compiler Author Windows Unix-like Other OSs License type? (DMD) and others Yes 32-bit, No (front end), source available for unlicensed backend No?

GCC Yes Yes No No LLVM Yes Yes No multiple Open Source license depending on module No DIBOL/DBL compilers. This list is; you can help. Compiler Author Windows Unix-like Other OSs License type? This list is; you can help.

Compiler Author Windows Unix-like Other OSs License type Actively maintained? Thomas Johnsson? Yes No Open source No Yes Yes No Open source Yes Yes Yes No Open source No Yes Yes No Open source Yes Java compilers Compiler Author Windows Unix-like Other OSs License type? Edison Design Group Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No (Owned by ) Yes Yes Yes Yes OpenJDK (Owned by ) Yes Yes Yes Yes ECJ (Eclipse Compiler for Java) project Yes Yes Yes Yes?????

Power J (Owned by ) Yes??? Yes Pascal compilers. This list is; you can help.

Compiler Author Target Windows Unix-like Other OSs License type? Manuel Serrano native, bytecode Yes Yes? (compiler) and (runtime) No native Yes Yes No 2.0 No The CHICKEN Team C Yes Yes?

No William Clinger, Lars Hansen CLI Yes?? Larceny License No Marc Feeley C Yes Yes? No bytecode Yes Yes? No Abdulaziz Ghuloum native Yes Yes?

No Llewellyn Pritchard CLI Yes Yes? No Ken Anderson, Tim Hickey, Peter Norvig bytecode Java Java Java No Per Bothner bytecode Java Java Java No William Clinger, Lars Hansen native Yes Yes? Larceny License No native Yes Yes? No Aki Helin C Yes Yes? No William Clinger, Lars Hansen C? Larceny License No PLT Inc. Bytecode + Yes Yes No Donovan Kolbly C, bytecode?

Kernel-specific Gnu C Compiler For Mac

Open source No Richard Kelsey, Jonathan Rees C, bytecode Yes Yes? No C Yes Yes, No Scott G. Miller, Matthias Radestock bytecode Java Java Java and No Jeffrey Mark Siskind C?

No Interpreter Author Windows Unix-like Other OSs License type? Shiro Kawai Yes Yes? No Petite Yes Yes No 2.0 No Smalltalk compilers.

This list is; you can help. Compiler Author Target Windows Unix-like Other OSs License type? Pharo Team VM Yes Yes Yes Yes GNU Smalltalk project bytecode + Yes Yes No No? Yes Yes Yes Yes ObjectConnect native Yes No No Yes Tcl Interpreters Interpreter Author Windows Unix-like Other OSs License type Yes Yes Yes Free Tclsh and many others Yes Yes Yes and/or free Wish and many others Yes Yes Yes and/or free VMS Interpreters Interpreter Author Windows Unix-like Other OSs License type Default VMS No No Yes VAX VMS Rexx Interpreters Interpreter Author Windows Unix-like Other OSs License type Regina Yes Yes Yes OS/2 Free IBM Yes? Yes OO Organisation Yes No No CLI compilers. This list is; you can help.

Compiler Author Windows Unix-like Other OSs License type? Microsoft Yes No No Yes Mono Yes Yes No Open source Yes RemObjects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No GPL Unknown Open source compilers Production quality, compilers. Archived from (PDF) on 2010-04-15. Retrieved 2010-03-20.

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